Vise x optometry3/22/2023 7 However, these techniques require injection of exogenous contrast and lack depth selectivity for specific retinal layers. 6 Fluorescein angiography (FA) and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) have traditionally been used to detect vascular leakage, neovascularization, and occlusions. Here, we provide an overview of these ophthalmic imaging systems and their clinical and basic science applications (see Table 1).Ĭhanges to retinal vascular density and perfusion accompany many ophthalmic diseases, including glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and diabetic retinopathy (DR). 5 Recent advances have focused on supplementing structural contrast with functional modalities, such as OCT-based quantification of the metabolic and biomechanical properties of ocular tissue and multimodality systems such as OCT-SLO, surgical microscope–integrated OCT, and multimodal photoacoustic microscopy (PAM). 4 Adaptive optics (AO) was first introduced for fundoscopy in 1997 and has since been applied to both OCT and SLO to achieve cellular-resolution ophthalmic imaging by correcting aberrations of the eye. 1– 3 The introduction of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in 1991 enabled depth-resolved volumetric imaging, further facilitating ophthalmic disease diagnosis by providing access to subsurface features. Development of scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) in 1980 allowed for en face retinal imaging with significantly reduced light exposure compared with conventional indirect ophthalmoscopy, with recent advancements focused on providing an ultra-wide field of view (FOV). Since the first demonstration of fundus photography, technological advancements have allowed for increasingly high-resolution and high-contrast imaging of the anterior and posterior eye. All subjects Allied Health Cardiology & Cardiovascular Medicine Dentistry Emergency Medicine & Critical Care Endocrinology & Metabolism Environmental Science General Medicine Geriatrics Infectious Diseases Medico-legal Neurology Nursing Nutrition Obstetrics & Gynecology Oncology Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine Otolaryngology Palliative Medicine & Chronic Care Pediatrics Pharmacology & Toxicology Psychiatry & Psychology Public Health Pulmonary & Respiratory Medicine Radiology Research Methods & Evaluation Rheumatology Surgery Tropical Medicine Veterinary Medicine Cell Biology Clinical Biochemistry Environmental Science Life Sciences Neuroscience Pharmacology & Toxicology Biomedical Engineering Engineering & Computing Environmental Engineering Materials Science Anthropology & Archaeology Communication & Media Studies Criminology & Criminal Justice Cultural Studies Economics & Development Education Environmental Studies Ethnic Studies Family Studies Gender Studies Geography Gerontology & Aging Group Studies History Information Science Interpersonal Violence Language & Linguistics Law Management & Organization Studies Marketing & Hospitality Music Peace Studies & Conflict Resolution Philosophy Politics & International Relations Psychoanalysis Psychology & Counseling Public Administration Regional Studies Religion Research Methods & Evaluation Science & Society Studies Social Work & Social Policy Sociology Special Education Urban Studies & Planning BROWSE JOURNALS
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